Department of Biological Sciences — Virtual University of Pakistan
RNA Purification
Nanodrop Spectrophotometer
Restriction Digestion of RNA
cDNA Synthesis (RT-PCR)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
Preparation of Chemically Competent Cells
Chromosome Staining – Banding of Chromosomes
Quantification of Nucleic Acid by Spectrophotometer
Quantification of Nucleic Acid by Gel Electrophoresis
Culturing of Bacteria in Liquid Medium
Culturing of Bacteria in Solid Medium
Bacterial Cell Count
Gram Staining of Bacteria
Testing Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Substances
Preparation of Laboratory Solutions & pH Determination
Qualitative & Quantitative Tests for Carbohydrates
Qualitative & Quantitative Tests for Proteins
Qualitative & Quantitative Tests for Lipids
Enzyme Assays & Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Estimation of Saponification Value of Fats & Oils
Paper Chromatography of Amino Acids
Preparation of Fermented Products
Fermentation of Different Sugars by Microorganisms
Pure Culture Study of Pickles & Acetic Acid
Media Formulation for Bacteria
Initiation of Bacterial Culture
Initiation of Microbial Culture in Fermenter
Medium Formulation for Fungus
Media Formulation for Yeast
Production of Alpha Amylase by Submerged Fermentation
Production of Enzymes
Isolation Method for Culturing
Preparation of Serial Dilution
Pure Culture Study of Yoghurt & Bread
Saccharomyces
Microbial Flora
Microbial Flora – Lactobacilli & Acetobacter
Microbial Flora of Fermented Products – Aspergillus
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